Effect of Nanomaterials on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete: A Critical Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/mjmes.v2i2.27Keywords:
Nanomaterials, Concrete Compressive Strength, Durability, Nano-Silica, Carbon Nanotubes, Microstructure, C-S-H Gel Permeability, SustainabilityAbstract
Concrete is the most widely used construction material for these purposes. However, its longevity is frequently compromised by cracking, permeability, chloride penetration, sulfate attack, and associated deterioration processes. Nanomaterials can enhance cementitious composites through pore refinement, accelerated hydration, densification of the interfacial transition zone, and crack-control behavior. The current critical review is focused on the evaluation of the impact of nano-silica (NS), carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers (CNTs/CNFs), nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO₂), nano-alumina (nano-Al₂O₃), nanoclay, and graphene oxide (GO) on the mechanical and durability performance of concrete. Generally speaking, nano-silica has the highest potential among nanomaterials for providing a consistently high strength increase of about 10-35%, reduction of water absorption, and chloride migration in the range of 20-60%. Meanwhile, carbon-based nanomaterials tend to have a higher potential for improving the tensile and flexural properties of concrete, which is usually observed at 15-50%. Nano-TiO₂ gives rather modest mechanical properties but also provides photocatalytic activity. At the same time, nano-Al₂O₃, nanoclay, and GO have the potential for densifying the matrix, reducing permeability, sulfate resistance, and crack control. It should be noted that all reported values depend on the specific features of the nanoparticles, their dosage, distribution quality, concrete composition, curing regime, and testing procedure. Widespread implementation is restricted by agglomeration, increased demand for water, high prices, lack of field validation, health hazards, and lack of testing standards. Overall, nano-silica shows the best combination of performance and feasibility, whereas carbon-based nanomaterials and GO are applicable only in specialized cases.
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